Musical instrument tuning method and apparatus

ABSTRACT

The present disclosure relates to musical instruments and devices. A system is provided which utilizes tonal visualization components incorporating color and/or shape to allow a person to “see” a note or group of notes sounded by an instrument to determine whether the instrument is in tune and make appropriate adjustments if necessary.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/912,982, filed Apr. 20, 2007, entitled “Musical Instrument Tuning Method and Apparatus” and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/025,542 filed Feb. 1, 2008 entitled “Apparatus and Method of Displaying Infinitely Small Divisions of Measurement.” This application also relates to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/830,386 filed Jul. 12, 2006 entitled “Apparatus and Method for Visualizing Musical Notation”, U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 11/827,264 filed Jul. 11, 2007 entitled “Apparatus and Method for Visualizing Music and Other Sounds”, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/921,578, filed Apr. 3, 2007, entitled “Device and Method for Visualizing Musical Rhythmic Structures”, and U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 12/023,375 filed Jan. 31, 2008 entitled “Device and Method for Visualizing Musical Rhythmic Structures”. All of these applications are hereby incorporated by reference in their entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE

The present disclosure relates generally to musical instruments and, more specifically, to a method and apparatus for tuning musical instruments using visual representations of tonal structures.

BACKGROUND OF THE DISCLOSURE

Musical instrument tuning devices typically use a series of LEDs or other indicators that show if a particular note is being produced at the proper frequency, i.e., the instrument is “in tune” for that particular note. Tuning an instrument that produces many independent notes, such as a piano, for example, can be a laborious and time consuming process. Often strings must be retuned several times to ensure that multi-note chords also sound in tune. This is partly due to the fact that changing the tension of one string will affect the tension of previously tuned strings. Methods are needed which improve the efficiency and quality of the tuning process.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, in one aspect a system for tuning a musical instrument is disclosed, comprising a sound input device; a processing device; and a display; wherein said processing device executes computer readable code to create a first visual representation of a sound sensed by said sound input device for output on said display; wherein said sound is generated by a musical instrument; and wherein said first visual representation is generated according to a method comprising the steps of: (a) labeling equally spaced points along the perimeter of a circle with a plurality of labels corresponding to a plurality of equally spaced frequency intervals in an octave, such that moving clockwise or counter-clockwise between adjacent ones of said labels represents a first frequency interval; (b) identifying a first point associated with a first label corresponding to a first frequency; (c) identifying an occurrence of a second frequency within said sound; (d) identifying a second point on the perimeter of the circle corresponding to the second frequency; (e) creating a first line connecting the first point and the second point; and wherein the color of the first line is determined by to the frequency difference between the first frequency and the second frequency according to a predefined scheme.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a twelve-tone circle according to one embodiment.

FIG. 2 is a diagram of a twelve-tone circle showing the six intervals.

FIG. 3 is a diagram of a twelve-tone circle showing the chromatic scale.

FIG. 4 is a diagram of a twelve-tone circle showing the first through third diminished scales.

FIG. 5 is a diagram of a twelve-tone circle showing all six tri-tones.

FIG. 6 is a diagram of a twelve-tone circle showing a major triad.

FIG. 7 is a diagram of a twelve-tone circle showing a major seventh chord.

FIG. 8 is a diagram of a twelve-tone circle showing a major scale.

FIGS. 9-10 are diagrams of a helix showing a B diminished seventh chord.

FIG. 11 is a diagram of a helix showing an F minor triad covering three octaves.

FIG. 12 is a perspective view of the visual representation of percussive music according to one embodiment shown with associated standard notation for the same percussive music.

FIG. 13 is a two dimensional view looking along the time line of a visual representation of percussive music at an instant when six percussive instruments are being simultaneously sounded.

FIG. 14 is a two dimensional view looking perpendicular to the time line of the visual representation of percussive music according to the disclosure associated with standard notation for the same percussive music of FIG. 12.

FIG. 15 is a schematic block diagram showing a musical instrument tuning system according to one embodiment.

FIG. 16 is a color scheme for displaying a visual representation of a musical note sounded by a musical instrument according to one embodiment.

FIG. 17 depicts a visual representation of an individual note sounded by a musical instrument according to the color scheme of FIG. 16, wherein the sounded frequency falls between a “C” and a “C#”.

FIG. 18 depicts a visual representation of a three note chord sounded by a musical instrument according to the color scheme of FIG. 16, wherein one sounded frequency is a perfect “A,” one sounded frequency falls somewhere between a “C” and a “C#,” and one sounded frequency falls somewhere between a “D#” and an “E.”

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

For the purposes of promoting an understanding of the principles of the invention, reference will now be made to the embodiment illustrated in the drawings and specific language will be used to describe the same. It will nevertheless be understood that no limitation of the scope of the invention is thereby intended, and alterations and modifications in the illustrated device, and further applications of the principles of the invention as illustrated therein are herein contemplated as would normally occur to one skilled in the art to which the invention relates.

Before describing the method and apparatus for tuning musical instruments, a summary of the above-referenced music tonal and rhythmic visualization methods will be presented. The tonal visualization methods are described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/827,264 filed Jul. 11, 2007 entitled “Apparatus and Method for Visualizing Music and Other Sounds” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

There are three traditional scales or ‘patterns’ of musical tone that have developed over the centuries. These three scales, each made up of seven notes, have become the foundation for virtually all musical education in the modern world. There are, of course, other scales, and it is possible to create any arbitrary pattern of notes that one may desire; but the vast majority of musical sound can still be traced back to these three primary scales.

Each of the three main scales is a lopsided conglomeration of seven intervals:

Major Scale: 2 steps, 2 steps, 1 step, 2 steps, 2 steps, 2 steps, 1 step Harmonic 2, 1, 2, 2, 1, 3, 1 Minor Scale: Melodic Minor 2, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 1 Scale:

Unfortunately, our traditional musical notation system has also been based upon the use of seven letters (or note names) to correspond with the seven notes of the scale: A, B, C, D, E, F and G. The problem is that, depending on which of the three scales one is using, there are actually twelve possible tones to choose from in the ‘pool’ of notes used by the three scales. Because of this discrepancy, the traditional system of musical notation has been inherently lopsided at its root.

With a circle of twelve tones and only seven note names, there are (of course) five missing note names. To compensate, the traditional system of music notation uses a somewhat arbitrary system of ‘sharps’ (#'s) and ‘flats’ (b's) to cover the remaining five tones so that a single notation system can be used to encompass all three scales. For example, certain key signatures will have seven ‘pure letter’ tones (like ‘A’) in addition to sharp or flat tones (like C^(#) or G^(b)), depending on the key signature. This leads to a complex system of reading and writing notes on a staff, where one has to mentally juggle a key signature with various accidentals (sharps and flats) that are then added one note at a time. The result is that the seven-note scale, which is a lopsided entity, is presented as a straight line on the traditional musical notation staff. On the other hand, truly symmetrical patterns (such as the chromatic scale) are represented in a lopsided manner on the traditional musical staff. All of this inefficiency stems from the inherent flaw of the traditional written system being based upon the seven note scales instead of the twelve-tone circle.

To overcome this inefficiency, a set of mathematically based, color-coded MASTER KEY™ diagrams is presented to better explain the theory and structures of music using geometric form and the color spectrum. As shown in FIG. 1, the twelve tone circle 10 is the template upon which all of the other diagrams are built. Twelve points 10.1-10.12 are geometrically placed in equal intervals around the perimeter of the circle 10 in the manner of a clock; twelve points, each thirty degrees apart. Each of the points 10.1-10.12 on the circle 10 represents one of the twelve pitches. The names of the various pitches can then be plotted around the circle 10. It will be appreciated that in traditional musical notation there are more than one name for each pitch (e.g., A^(#) is the same as B^(b)), which causes inefficiency and confusion since each note can be ‘spelled’ in two different ways. In the illustrated embodiment, the circle 10 has retained these traditional labels, although the present disclosure comprehends that alternative labels can be used, such as the letters A-L, or numbers 1-12. Furthermore, the circle 10 of FIG. 1 uses the sharp notes as labels; however, it will be understood that some or all of these sharp notes can be labeled with their flat equivalents and that some of the non-sharp and non-flat notes can be labeled with the sharp or flat equivalents.

The next ‘generation’ of the MASTER KEY™ diagrams involves thinking in terms of two note ‘intervals.’ The Interval diagram, shown in FIG. 2, is the second of the MASTER KEY™ diagrams, and is formed by connecting the top point 10.12 of the twelve-tone circle 10 to every other point 10.1-10.11. The ensuing lines—their relative length and color—represent the various ‘intervals.’ It shall be understood that while eleven intervals are illustrated in FIG. 2, there are actually only six basic intervals to consider. This is because any interval larger than the tri-tone (displayed in purple in FIG. 2) has a ‘mirror’ interval on the opposite side of the circle. For example, the whole-step interval between C (point 10.12) and D (point 10.2) is equal to that between C (point 10.12) and A^(#) (point 10.10).

Another important aspect of the MASTER KEY™ diagrams is the use of color. Because there are six basic music intervals, the six basic colors of the rainbow can be used to provide another way to comprehend the basic structures of music. In a preferred embodiment, the interval line 12 for a half step is colored red, the interval line 14 for a whole step is colored orange, the interval line 16 for a minor third is colored yellow, the interval line 18 for a major third is colored green, the interval line 20 for a perfect fourth is colored blue, and the interval line 22 for a tri-tone is colored purple. In other embodiments, different color schemes may be employed. What is desirable is that there is a gradated color spectrum assigned to the intervals so that they may be distinguished from one another by the use of color, which the human eye can detect and process very quickly.

The next group of MASTER KEY™ diagrams pertains to extending the various intervals 12-22 to their completion around the twelve-tone circle 10. This concept is illustrated in FIG. 3, which is the diagram of the chromatic scale. In these diagrams, each interval is the same color since all of the intervals are equal (in this case, a half-step). In the larger intervals, only a subset of the available tones is used to complete one trip around the circle. For example, the minor-third scale, which gives the sound of a diminished scale and forms the shape of a square 40, requires three transposed scales to fill all of the available tones, as illustrated in FIG. 4. The largest interval, the tri-tone, actually remains a two-note shape 22, with six intervals needed to complete the circle, as shown in FIG. 5.

The next generation of MASTER KEY™ diagrams is based upon musical shapes that are built with three notes. In musical terms, three note structures are referred to as triads. There are only four triads in all of diatonic music, and they have the respective names of major, minor, diminished, and augmented. These four, three-note shapes are represented in the MASTER KEY™ diagrams as different sized triangles, each built with various color coded intervals. As shown in FIG. 6, for example, the major triad 600 is built by stacking (in a clockwise direction) a major third 18, a minor third 16, and then a perfect fourth 20. This results in a triangle with three sides in the respective colors of green, yellow, and blue, following the assigned color for each interval in the triad. The diagrams for the remaining triads (minor, diminished, and augmented) follow a similar approach.

The next group of MASTER KEY™ diagrams are developed from four notes at a time. Four note chords, in music, are referred to as seventh chords, and there are nine types of seventh chords. FIG. 7 shows the diagram of the first seventh chord, the major seventh chord 700, which is created by stacking the following intervals (as always, in a clockwise manner): a major third, a minor third 16, another major third 18, and a half step 12. The above description illustrates the outer shell of the major seventh chord 700 (a four-sided polyhedron); however, general observation will quickly reveal a new pair of ‘internal’ intervals, which haven't been seen in previous diagrams (in this instance, two perfect fourths 20). The eight remaining types of seventh chords can likewise be mapped on the MASTER KEY™ circle using this method.

Every musical structure that has been presented thus far in the MASTER KEY™ system, aside from the six basic intervals, has come directly out of three main scales. Again, the three main scales are as follows: the Major Scale, the Harmonic-Minor Scale, and the Melodic-Minor Scale. The major scale is the most common of the three main scales and is heard virtually every time music is played or listened to in the western world. As shown in FIG. 8 and indicated generally at 800, the MASTER KEY™ diagram clearly shows the major scale's 800 makeup and its naturally lopsided nature. Starting at the top of the circle 10, one travels clockwise around the scale's outer shell. The following pattern of intervals is then encountered: whole step 14, whole step 14, half step 12, whole step 14, whole step 14, whole step 14, half step 12. The most important aspect of each scale diagram is, without a doubt, the diagram's outer ‘shell.’ Therefore, the various internal intervals in the scale's interior are not shown. Since we started at point 10.12, or C, the scale 800 is the C major scale. Other major scales may be created by starting at one of the other notes on the twelve-tone circle 10. This same method can be used to create diagrams for the harmonic minor and melodic minor scales as well.

The previously described diagrams have been shown in two dimensions; however, music is not a circle as much as it is a helix. Every twelfth note (an octave) is one helix turn higher or lower than the preceding level. What this means is that music can be viewed not only as a circle but as something that will look very much like a DNA helix, specifically, a helix of approximately ten and one-half turns (i.e. octaves). There are only a small number of helix turns in the complete spectrum of audible sound; from the lowest auditory sound to the highest auditory sound. By using a helix instead of a circle, not only can the relative pitch difference between the notes be discerned, but the absolute pitch of the notes can be seen as well. For example, FIG. 9 shows a helix 100 about an axis 900 in a perspective view with a chord 910 (a fully diminished seventh chord in this case) placed within. In FIG. 10, the perspective has been changed to allow each octave point on consecutive turns of the helix to line up. This makes it possible to use a single set of labels around the helix. The user is then able to see that this is a B fully diminished seventh chord and discern which octave the chord resides in.

The use of the helix becomes even more powerful when a single chord is repeated over multiple octaves. For example, FIG. 11 shows how three F minor triad chords look when played together over three and one-half octaves. In two dimensions, the user will only see one triad, since all three of the triads perfectly overlap on the circle. In the three-dimensional helix, however, the extended scale is visible across all three octaves.

The above described MASTER KEY™ system provides a method for understanding the tonal information within musical compositions. Another method, however, is needed to deal with the rhythmic information, that is, the duration of each of the notes and relative time therebetween. Such rhythmic visualization methods are described in U.S. Utility patent application Ser. No. 12/023,375 filed Jan. 31, 2008 entitled “Device and Method for Visualizing Musical Rhythmic Structures” which is also hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

In addition to being flawed in relation to tonal expression, traditional sheet music also has shortcomings with regards to rhythmic information. This becomes especially problematic for percussion instruments that, while tuned to a general frequency range, primarily contribute to the rhythmic structure of music. For example, traditional staff notation 1250, as shown in the upper portion of FIG. 12, uses notes 1254 of basically the same shape (an oval) for all of the drums in a modern drum kit and a single shape 1256 (an ‘x’ shape) for all of the cymbals. What is needed is a method that more intuitively conveys the character of individual rhythmic instruments and the underlying rhythmic structures present in a given composition.

The lower portion of FIG. 12 shows one embodiment of the disclosed method which utilizes spheroids 1204 and toroids 1206, 1208, 1210, 1212 and 1214 of various shapes and sizes in three dimensions placed along a time line 1202 to represent the various rhythmic components of a particular musical composition. The lowest frequencies or lowest instrument in the composition (i.e. the bass drum) will appear as spheroids 1204. As the rhythmical frequencies get higher in range, toroids 1206, 1208, 1210, 1212 and 1214 of various sizes are used to represent the sounded instrument. While the diameter and thicknesses of these spheroids and toroids may be adjustable components that are customizable by the user, the focus will primarily be on making the visualization as “crisply” precise as possible. In general, therefore, as the relative frequency of the sounded instrument increases, the maximum diameter of the spheroid or toroid used to depict the sounding of the instrument also increases. For example, the bass drum is represented by a small spheroid 1204, the floor tom by toroid 1212, the rack tom by toroid 1214, the snare by toroid 1210, the high-hat cymbal by toroid 1208, and the crash cymbal by toroid 1206. Those skilled in the art will recognize that other geometric shapes may be utilized to represent the sounds of the instruments within the scope of the disclosure.

FIG. 13 shows another embodiment which utilizes a two-dimensional view looking into the time line 1202. In this embodiment, the spheroids 1204 and toroids 1206, 1208, 1210 and 1212 from FIG. 12 correspond to circles 1304 and rings 1306, 1308, 1310 and 1312, respectively. The lowest frequencies (i.e. the bass drum) will appear as a solid circle 1304 in a hard copy embodiment. Again, as the relative frequency of the sounded instrument increases, the maximum diameter of the circle or ring used to depict the sounding of the instrument also increases, as shown by the scale 1302.

Because cymbals have a higher auditory frequency than drums, cymbal toroids have a resultantly larger diameter than any of the drums. Furthermore, the amorphous sound of a cymbal will, as opposed to the crisp sound of a snare, be visualized as a ring of varying thickness, much like the rings of a planet or a moon. The “splash” of the cymbal can then be animated as a shimmering effect within this toroid. In one embodiment, the shimmering effect can be achieved by randomly varying the thickness of the toroid at different points over the circumference of the toroid during the time period in which the cymbal is being sounded as shown by toroid 1204 and ring 1306 in FIGS. 12 and 13, respectively. It shall be understood by those with skill in the art that other forms of image manipulation may be used to achieve this shimmer effect.

FIG. 14 shows another embodiment which utilizes a two dimensional view taken perpendicular to the time line 1202. In this view, the previously seen circles, spheroids, rings or toroids turn into bars of various height and thickness. Spheroids 1204 and toroids 1206, 1208, 1210, 1212 and 1214 from FIG. 12 correspond to bars 1404, 1406, 1408, 1410, 1412, and 1414 in FIG. 14. For each instrument, its corresponding bar has a height that relates to the particular space or line in, above, or below the staff on which the musical notation for that instrument is transcribed in standard notation. Additionally, the thickness of the bar for each instrument corresponds with the duration or decay time of the sound played by that instrument. For example, bar 1406 is much wider than bar 1404, demonstrating the difference in duration when a bass drum and a crash cymbal are struck. To enhance the visual effect when multiple instruments are played simultaneously, certain bars may be filled in with color or left open.

The spatial layout of the two dimensional side view shown in FIG. 14 also corresponds to the time at which the instrument is sounded, similar to the manner in which music is displayed in standard notation (to some degree). Thus, the visual representation of rhythm generated by the disclosed system and method can be easily converted to sheet music in standard notation by substituting the various bars (and spaces therebetween) into their corresponding representations in standard notation. For example, bar 1404 (representing the bass drum) will be converted to a note 1254 in the lowest space 1260 a of staff 1252. Likewise, bar 1410 (representing the snare drum) will be converted to a note 1256 in the second highest space 1260 c of staff 1252.

The 3-D visualization of this Rhythmical Component as shown, for example, in FIG. 12, results in imagery that appears much like a ‘wormhole’ or tube. For each composition of music, a finite length tube is created by the system which represents all of the rhythmic structures and relationships within the composition. This finite tube may be displayed to the user in its entirety, much like traditional sheet music. For longer compositions, the tube may be presented to the user in sections to accommodate different size video display screens. To enhance the user's understanding of the particular piece of music, the 3-D ‘wormhole’ image may incorporate real time animation, creating the visual effect of the user traveling through the tube. In one embodiment, the rhythmic structures appear at the point “nearest” to the user as they occur in real time, and travel towards the “farthest” end of the tube, giving the effect of the user traveling backwards through the tube.

The two-dimensional view of FIG. 13 can also be modified to incorporate a perspective of the user looking straight “into” the three-dimensional tube or tunnel, with the graphical objects made to appear “right in front of” the user and then move away and into the tube, eventually shrinking into a distant center perspective point. It shall be understood that animation settings for any of the views in FIGS. 12-14 can be modified by the user in various embodiments, such as reversing the animation direction or the duration of decay for objects which appear and the fade into the background. This method of rhythm visualization may also incorporate the use of color to distinguish the different rhythmic structures within a composition of music, much like the MASTER KEY™ diagrams use color to distinguish between tonal intervals. For example, each instance of the bass drum being sounded can be represented by a sphere of a given color to help the user visually distinguish it when displayed among shapes representing other instruments.

In other embodiments, each spheroid (whether it appears as such or as a circle or line) and each toroid (whether it appears as such or as a ring, line or bar) representing a beat when displayed on the graphical user interface will have an associated small “flag” or access control button. By mouse-clicking on one of these access controls, or by click-dragging a group of controls, a user will be able to highlight and access a chosen beat or series of beats. With a similar attachment to the Master Key™ music visualization software (available from Musical DNA LLC, Indianapolis, Ind.), it will become very easy for a user to link chosen notes and musical chords with certain beats and create entire musical compositions without the need to write music using standard notation. This will allow access to advanced forms of musical composition and musical interaction for musical amateurs around the world.

The present disclosure utilizes the previously described visualization methods as the basis for a method and apparatus for tuning musical instruments. The easily visualized tonal and rhythmic shapes allow a user to “see” the notes or chords as they are played such that tuning an instrument becomes an intuitive and straightforward process. The ability to view multiple notes simultaneously also helps speed up the tuning process for instruments with a large number of strings, such as a piano.

FIG. 15, shows, in schematic form, one embodiment of an instrument tuning system 1500 according to the present disclosure. The system 1500 may include a first subsystem 1501 including a sound input device 1502, a processing device 1508, data storage device 1509, a display 1510, user input devices such as keyboard 1512 and mouse 1514, a printer device 1516 and one or more speakers 1520. These devices are coupled to allow input sounds from a musical instrument 1504 into the processing device 1508 so that they may be produced by the speaker 1520 and visual representations of the sounds may be displayed or printed by users. Although a keyboard instrument is illustrated in FIG. 15, it will be appreciated that musical instrument 1504 may be any type of instrument that may be tuned.

In one embodiment, sound input device 1502 may comprise a microphone for sensing sound output from musical instrument 1504. In other embodiments, sound input device 1502 may comprise a magnetic, piezo-electric, or other type of pickup directly connected to musical instrument 1504. The received analog sound signals can then be converted to digital form by an appropriate analog-to-digital converter contained within sound input device 1502 or processing device 1508. It shall be understood that other input devices and systems known in the art may be employed to provide the sound output of musical instrument 1504 to the processing device 1508. It shall be further understood that while sound input device 1502 can be provided as part of the system 1500, the system 1500 can also be configured to operate with an external or existing microphone or sound input device 1502.

The processing device 1508 may be implemented on a personal computer, a workstation computer, a laptop computer, a palmtop computer, a wireless terminal having computing capabilities (such as a cell phone having a Windows CE or Palm operating system), a game terminal, or the like. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that other computer system architectures may also be employed.

In general, such a processing device 1508, when implemented using a computer, comprises a bus for communicating information, a processor coupled with the bus for processing information, a main memory coupled to the bus for storing information and instructions for the processor, a read-only memory coupled to the bus for storing static information and instructions for the processor. The display 1510 is coupled to the bus for displaying information for a computer user and the input devices 1512, 1514 are coupled to the bus for communicating information and command selections to the processor. A mass storage interface for communicating with data storage device 1509 containing digital information may also be included in processing device 1508 as well as a network interface for communicating with a network.

The processor may be any of a wide variety of general purpose processors or microprocessors such as the PENTIUM microprocessor manufactured by Intel Corporation, a POWER PC manufactured by IBM. Corporation, a SPARC processor manufactured by Sun Corporation, or the like. It will be apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art, however, that other varieties of processors may also be used in a particular computer system. Display 1510 may be a liquid crystal device (LCD), a cathode ray tube (CRT), a plasma monitor, a holographic display, or other suitable display device. The mass storage interface may allow the processor access to the digital information in the data storage devices via the bus. The mass storage interface may be a universal serial bus (USB) interface, an integrated drive electronics (IDE) interface, a serial advanced technology attachment (SATA) interface or the like, coupled to the bus for transferring information and instructions. The data storage device 1509 may be a conventional hard disk drive, a floppy disk drive, a flash device (such as a jump drive or SD card), an optical drive such as a compact disc (CD) drive, digital versatile disc (DVD) drive, HD DVD drive, BLUE-RAY DVD drive, or another magnetic, solid state, or optical data storage device, along with the associated medium (a floppy disk, a CD-ROM, a DVD, etc.)

In general, the processor retrieves processing instructions and data from the data storage device 1509 using the mass storage interface and downloads this information into random access memory for execution. The processor then executes an instruction stream from random access memory or read-only memory. Command selections and information that is input at input devices 1512, 1514 are used to direct the flow of instructions executed by the processor. Equivalent input devices 1514 may also be a pointing device such as a conventional trackball device. The results of this processing execution are then displayed on display device 1510.

The processing device 1508 is configured to generate an output for viewing on the display 1510 and/or for driving the printer 1516 to print a hardcopy. Preferably, the video output to display 1510 is also a graphical user interface, allowing the user to interact with the displayed information.

The system 1500 may optionally include one or more subsystems 1551 substantially similar to subsystem 1501 and communicating with subsystem 1501 via a network 1550, such as a LAN, WAN or the internet. Subsystems 1501 and 1551 may be configured to act as a web server, a client or both and will preferably be browser enabled. Thus with system 1500, remote tuning is made possible. System 1500 may also be configured to be portable so an individual can easily transport system 1500 with an instrument.

In operation, sound input device 1502 receives audio signals representative of the notes or chords sounded by the musical instrument 1504 that is being tuned. These signals are applied to processing device 1508 which creates tonal visualization components from the signals. The visualizations are then displayed on display 1510.

As described above, each musical structure, such as individual notes or chords, has a particular appearance, i.e., shape and/or color. As a note or chord is played, its displayed tonal visualization components can be viewed to determine if the note is being played in tune, whether it is flat or sharp, or whether each note of a particular chord is being played in tune or not. The clear visual representation of individual notes or chords therefore provides an easily understandable way to tune a musical instrument. In certain embodiments, the system 1500 can display a visualization of both the received signal sounded by the musical instrument 1504 and a reference visualization which includes an image of each note and/or chord as it should look when played in tune. The reference visualizations may be part of a library which is stored in and retrieved from data storage unit 1509.

For multi-stringed instruments, the ability to view the tuning of multiple notes of a sounded chord can significantly speed up the tuning process. Normally, when a user adjusts the tension of one string of an instrument using a tuner capable of displaying only a single note, there is an effect on the tuning of any previously tuned strings. The user must then go back and re-adjust those strings in an iterative process. With the method of the present disclosure, however, the user can view multiple notes at one time and quickly re-adjust any affected strings while viewing a single visualization.

In order to visualize the individual frequencies of input sounds, the system 1500 can implement software operating as an audio signal or note extractor. The audio extractor examines the signals received by the sound input device 1502 and determines which primary frequencies are present. The frequency content is then mapped to certain colors and positions within a tonal circle or helix and displayed to the user. Various methods are known in the art for determining the frequency of an input signal including, but not limited to, frequency counters and band pass filters. Certain audio frequency extraction methods are also described in U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 61/025,374 filed Feb. 1, 2008 entitled “Apparatus and Method for Visualization of Music Using Note Extraction” which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 16 shows a visualization scheme 1602 according to one embodiment of the present disclosure where the color of each line 1604 is dependent on the distance from the sensed note or frequency 1606 to a reference note 1608. When the user plays a note on the musical instrument 1504, the system will display the sensed note in relation to the desired reference note. The various color gradations correspond to different notes or frequencies along the circle 1610. As illustrated in FIG. 16, the color of lines 1604 changes from red to orange to yellow to green to blue to purple as the interval between the sensed note 1606 and the reference note 1608 increases. It shall be understood that any desired color scheme or degree of frequency gradations may be used. It shall be further understood that in addition to a single circle format, the visualization can be translated to helical form in order to display a multi-octave range of frequencies as described herein.

FIG. 17 shows one example where the desired note is an “A” and the instrument has sounded a single note with a frequency falling somewhere between a “C” and a “C#,” resulting in a yellowish-green line 1704 being displayed from sensed note indicator 1706 to the reference note 1708. For frequencies falling within the reference note and an immediately adjacent frequency subdivision, an additional repeating rainbow can be displayed within the interval (indicated as 1612 on FIG. 16) to provide more guidance for the user. The degree of accuracy in the visualization 1702 can also be adjusted by the user. For example, if the frequency of the sensed note 1706 is between an “A” and an “A#”, the user can select the visualization 1702 using the mouse 1514 or other input device, whereby the system 1500 will display a new visualization with smaller frequency gradations 1712 on circle 1710. This technique is described further in U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/025/542 filed Feb. 1, 2008 entitled “Apparatus and Method of Displaying Infinitely Small Divisions of Measurement” which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

FIG. 18 shows another example where three notes in a chord have been played simultaneously on the musical instrument 1504 and displayed, with the color of each line determined by the interval between two of the sounded notes, as opposed to a single reference note. It will be appreciated that unlike the embodiment of FIG. 17, where it is necessary to identify to the system 1500 that the user is attempting to play an “A,” the embodiment of FIG. 18 simply displays the sensed notes and draws appropriately colored lines between them. In this case, note 1808 is a perfectly tuned “A,” note 1806 has a frequency falling somewhere between a “C” and a “C#,” and note 1807 has a frequency falling somewhere between a “D#” and an “E.” This results in a yellowish-green line 1804 being displayed between note 1808 and note 1806, a yellowish-orange line 1805 being displayed between note 1806 and 1807, and a blueish-purple line 1809 being displayed between notes 1807 and 1808. As the notes are brought into tune by the user, through physical adjustment of the musical instrument 1504, the colors of the lines will conform to the pure colors associated with the desired notes and intervals according to the predefined scheme. For example, when the notes 1808, 1806, and 1807 are perfectly tuned an “A,” “C#,” and “E,” respectively, line 1804 will be green, line 1805 will be yellow, and line 1809 will be blue. These colors correspond to the scheme illustrated in FIG. 16, however any desired scheme may be used. By viewing the color, shape, and/or position of the displayed tonal structures, the user is then able to more intuitively adjust the musical instrument 1504 to achieve a desired tuning.

While the disclosure has been illustrated and described in detail in the drawings and foregoing description, the same is to be considered as illustrative and not restrictive in character, it being understood that only the preferred embodiments have been shown and described and that all changes, modifications and equivalents that come within the spirit of the disclosure provided herein are desired to be protected. The articles “a,” “an,” “said,” and “the” are not limited to a singular element, and may include one or more such elements. 

1. A system for tuning a musical instrument, comprising: a sound input device; a processing device operatively coupled to said sound input device; and a display operatively coupled to said processing device; wherein: said processing device executes computer readable code to create a first visual representation of a sound sensed by said sound input device for output on said display; wherein: said sound is generated by a musical instrument; and wherein: said first visual representation is generated according to a method comprising the steps of: (a) placing twelve labels in a pattern of a circle, said twelve labels corresponding to twelve respective frequencies, such that moving clockwise or counter-clockwise between adjacent ones of said labels represents a first frequency increment; (b) determining a target frequency; (c) identifying a first label corresponding the target frequency; (d) determining a sensed frequency which is equal to a primary frequency of said sound; (e) identifying a point on said circle corresponding to the sensed frequency; (f) creating a first line connecting the first label and the point, wherein: (1) the color of the first line is a mixture of a first color and a second color if the target frequency and the sensed frequency are separated by more than the first frequency increment and less than a first multiple of the first frequency increment; (2) the color of the first line is a mixture of the second color and a third color if the target frequency and the sensed frequency are separated by more than the first multiple of the first frequency increment and less than a second multiple of the first frequency increment; (3) the color of the first line is a mixture of the third color and a fourth color if the target frequency and the sensed frequency are separated by more than the second multiple of the first frequency increment and less than a third multiple of the first frequency increment; (4) the color of the first line is a mixture of the fourth color and a fifth color if the target frequency and the sensed frequency are separated by more than the third multiple of the first frequency increment and less than a fourth multiple of the first frequency increment; and (5) the color of the first line is a mixture of the fifth color and a sixth color if the target frequency and the sensed frequency are separated by more than the fourth multiple of the first frequency increment and less than a fifth multiple of the first frequency increment.
 2. The system of claim 1, wherein the first color is red, the second color is orange, the third color is yellow, the fourth color is green, the fifth color is blue and the sixth color is purple.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein: the first color has a first wavelength that is larger than a second wavelength of the second color; the second wavelength is larger than a third wavelength of the third color; the third wavelength is larger than a fourth wavelength of the fourth color; the fourth wavelength is larger than a fifth wavelength of the fifth color; and the fifth wavelength is larger than an sixth wavelength of the sixth color.
 4. The system of claim 1, wherein step (a) further comprises arranging each of the twelve labels to be substantially evenly spaced from each adjacent label.
 5. The system of claim 4, wherein step (a) further comprises arranging each of the twelve labels to be spaced 30 degrees from each adjacent label.
 6. A system for tuning a musical instrument, comprising: a sound input device; a processing device operatively coupled to said sound input device; and a display operatively coupled to said processing device; wherein: said processing device executes computer readable code to create a first visual representation of a plurality of sounds sensed by said sound input device for output on said display; wherein: said plurality of sounds is generated by a musical instrument; and wherein: said first visual representation is generated according to a method comprising the steps of: (a) placing twelve labels in a pattern of a circle, said twelve labels corresponding to twelve respective frequencies, such that moving clockwise or counter-clockwise between adjacent ones of said labels represents a first frequency increment; (b) determining a first frequency of a first one of said plurality of sounds; (c) determining a second frequency of a second one of said plurality of sounds; (d) identifying a first point on said circle, said first point corresponding to the first frequency; (e) identifying a second point on said circle corresponding to the second frequency; (f) creating a first line connecting the first point and the second point, wherein: (1) the color of the first line is a mixture of a first color and a second color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than the first frequency increment and less than a first multiple of said first frequency increment; (2) the color of the first line is a mixture of the second color and a third color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than the first multiple of said first frequency increment and less than a second multiple of said first frequency increment; (3) the color of the first line is a mixture of the third color and a fourth color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than the second multiple of said first frequency increment and less than a third multiple of said first frequency increment; (4) the color of the first line is a mixture of the fourth color and a fifth color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than the third multiple of said first frequency increment and less than a fourth multiple of said first frequency increment; and (5) the color of the first line is a mixture of the fifth color and a sixth color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than the fourth multiple of said first frequency increment and less than a fifth multiple of said first frequency increment.
 7. The system of claim 6, wherein the first color is red, the second color is orange, the third color is yellow, the fourth color is green, the fifth color is blue and the sixth color is purple.
 8. The system of claim 6, wherein: the first color has a first wavelength that is larger than a second wavelength of the second color; the second wavelength is larger than a third wavelength of the third color; the third wavelength is larger than a fourth wavelength of the fourth color; the fourth wavelength is larger than a fifth wavelength of the fifth color; and the fifth wavelength is larger than an sixth wavelength of the sixth color.
 9. The system of claim 6, wherein step (a) further comprises arranging each of the twelve labels to be substantially evenly spaced from each adjacent label.
 10. The system of claim 9, wherein step (a) further comprises arranging each of the twelve labels to be spaced 30 degrees from each adjacent label.
 11. A system for tuning a musical instrument, comprising: a sound input device; a processing device operatively coupled to said sound input device; and a display operatively coupled to said processing device; wherein: said processing device executes computer readable code to create a first visual representation of a sound sensed by said sound input device for output on said display; wherein: said sound is generated by a musical instrument; and wherein: said first visual representation is generated according to a method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a plurality of labels in a pattern of a helix, wherein: (1) each turn of the helix has a respective group of twelve labels corresponding to twelve respective notes in a respective octave; and (2) moving clockwise or counter-clockwise on the helix between any one of said labels represents a musical half-step; (b) determining a target frequency; (c) identifying which of the twelve respective notes and which respective octave corresponds to the target frequency; (d) identifying a first label corresponding to the target frequency; (e) determining a sensed frequency, said sensed frequency being equal to the primary frequency of said sound; (f) identifying a point on said circle corresponding to the sensed frequency; (g) creating a first line connecting the first label and the point, wherein: (1) the color of the first line is a mixture of a first color and a second color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than a musical half step and less than a musical whole step; (2) the color of the first line is a mixture of the second color and a third color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than a musical whole step and less than a musical minor third; (3) the color of the first line is a mixture of the third color and a fourth color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than a musical minor third and less than a musical major third; (4) the color of the first line is a mixture of the fourth color and a fifth color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than a musical major third and less than a musical perfect fourth; and (5) the color of the first line is a mixture of the fifth color and a sixth color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than a musical perfect fourth and less than a musical tri-tone.
 12. The system of claim 11, wherein the first color is red, the second color is orange, the third color is yellow, the fourth color is green, the fifth color is blue and the sixth color is purple.
 13. The system of claim 11, wherein: the first color has a first wavelength that is larger than a second wavelength of the second color; the second wavelength is larger than a third wavelength of the third color; the third wavelength is larger than a fourth wavelength of the fourth color; the fourth wavelength is larger than a fifth wavelength of the fifth color; and the fifth wavelength is larger than an sixth wavelength of the sixth color.
 14. The system of claim 11, wherein like notes from all octaves lie in a substantially straight line.
 15. The system of claim 11, wherein step (a) further comprises arranging the labels to be substantially evenly spaced around the helix.
 16. The system of claim 15, wherein step (a) further comprises arranging each of the labels to be spaced 30 degrees from each adjacent label.
 17. A system for tuning a musical instrument, comprising: a sound input device; a processing device operatively coupled to said sound input device; and a display operatively coupled to said processing device; wherein: said processing device executes computer readable code to create a first visual representation of a plurality of sounds sensed by said sound input device for output on said display; wherein: said plurality of sounds are generated by a musical instrument; and wherein: said first visual representation is generated according to a method comprising the steps of: (a) providing a plurality of labels in a pattern of a helix, wherein: (1) each turn of the helix has a respective group of twelve labels corresponding to twelve respective notes in a respective octave; and (2) moving clockwise or counter-clockwise on the helix between any one of said labels represents a musical half-step; (b) determining a first frequency, said first frequency being equal to the primary frequency of a first one of said plurality of sounds; (e) identifying a point on the helix, said point corresponding to the first frequency; (d) determining a second frequency, said second frequency being equal to the primary frequency of a second one of said plurality of sounds; (e) identifying a point on the helix corresponding to the second frequency; (g) creating a first line connecting the first point and the second point, wherein: (1) the color of the first line is a mixture of a first color and a second color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than a musical half step and less than a musical whole step; (2) the color of the first line is a mixture of the second color and a third color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than a musical whole step and less than a musical minor third; (3) the color of the first line is a mixture of the third color and a fourth color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than a musical minor third and less than a musical major third; (4) the color of the first line is a mixture of the fourth color and a fifth color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than a musical major third and less than a musical perfect fourth; and (5) the color of the first line is a mixture of the fifth color and a sixth color if the first frequency and the second frequency are separated by more than a musical perfect fourth and less than a musical tri-tone. 